Iran is an ancient country with an old civilization. Most parts of this country have been located in hot and dry region. Many cities of Iran suffer from harsh climate and water scarcity both. But we notice a rich urban planning and architecture in these cities which were adapted with this hard situation. We can survey this adaptation in many aspects of traditional urban planning and architecture in Iran. They could build some building with a good energy saving and prepared some spaces with suitable condition for living. Desert has a harsh climate with hot days and cold nights but Iranians build their houses in such a way to keep warm temperature during nights in their walls and then it had cold walls in days to reduce the temperature of the rooms. Besides they divided their homes to two parts, one part for winter and the second for summer. In summer part they used wind tower to catch and bring the wind into rooms. These houses had central yards which contained pool and plants to reduce the temperature of hot days as well. Briefly, there is a special climatic design in traditional houses of hot cities of Iran. Urban planning of these cities respected some features to reduce the effect hot climate as well. For example, there was a dense urban fabric in this cities with narrow lanes. Also they could achieve the problem of limitation of water by some intellectual technology which called Qanat. Locating of most of the urban elements of cities obeyed from these Qanats. This Qanat provided drinkable water of city and citizens used water by some traditional hydraulic structures such as water reservoir or baths or ice house and so on. Nowadays sustainable design in architecture and urban planning is an important and essential paradigm. This paradigm emphasized on adapting with nature instead destroying it. Traditional architecture and urban planning of these Iranian cities of hot and dry climate contains a lot of features which can be useful for urban development of future hot cities which will be developed by sustainable urban planning paradigm. This paper reviews some features in traditional urban planning and architecture as some useful lessons for recent and future hot cities. Indeed, there are some aspects in these cities which can lead us a more sustainability in urban planning specially for hot cities.

Since 28 October 2019, the Government of Bali has already issued a Governor’s decree No. 45/2019 regarding Bali Clean Energy. This decree is hopefully the expected solution for the Energy Crisis in Indonesia in general, and in Bali in particular. Electricity in Bali island is majorly supplied by power plants in Java island from the very beginning, where most of the power plants generated with oil or coal. Ironically, the national oil reserves have already run out since 2019 and now Indonesia is a net oil importer country, while coal reserves will also be washed up by 2025. This critical condition has also been anticipated by the Government of Republic of Indonesia regulation No. 79/2014 to revise the previous President’s decree No. 5/2006 regarding National Energy Policy. Bali has nine local governments with eight regencies (Badung, Tabanan, Karangasem, Klungkung, Jembrana, Buleleng, Bangli, Gianyar) and one municipality (Denpasar), which is also the capital city of the province. The island's primary economic source is tourism which suffered the hardest hit during the Covid-19 pandemic causing hundreds of hotels to close and most of supporting tourism industries to be shutdown. This has forced Bali to change its tourism orientation from urban tourism to rural tourism which promotes homestay that will strongly influence the concept of renewable clean energy planning throughout the island. Governor’s decree No. 45/2019 strongly dedicated for the use of solar power, but unfortunately there are only two solar power plants in the island; PLTS Bangli with 1 MWp On-Grid and PLTS Karangasem with 1 MWp On-Grid. There is also ongoing construction of a new steam power plant in Celukan Bawang, Buleleng Regency, northern part of Bali which is projected to produce 780 MW of 6 generating units. It has been starting in 2013, and units 1-3 have been operational in 2015 with a capacity of 380 MW. However, the continuing development is still in the public debate because the steam power plant is based on oil and coal, and the maximum capacity still cannot meet the installed capacity of 1200 MW and beyond planned by the State Electricity Company of Bali region (PLN-Bali). Another renewable energy power plant using mini hydro (water) is PLTMH Buleleng with 2.2 MWp, while existing rooftop PV powerplant in the community is about 1.3 MWp and 0.07 MWp off-grid. Therefore, the shortcomings must be fulfilled with the renewable energy where the Decree will involve community participation in the use of solar panels for their homes and buildings. The paper presents strategic planning of the use of renewable clean energy for the island, particularly solar power. Difficulties and potentials of the solar photovoltaic panels are elaborated as also discussed in a special task force supervisory team of Bali Clean Energy for the Decree implementation, established by the Governor of Bali. All the stakeholders are invited in the task force; provincial leaders (Governor, Vice Governor and Secretary of the province), inter-departments government officers (Energy & Mineral Resources, Public Works & Spatial Planning, Environment & Forestry, Industry & Trades, and Law & Regulations, Research & Innovation Agency of Bali, Regional Development Planning Agency of Bali), State Electricity Company of Bali Region (PLN-Bali), academicians, governor's experts unit, Center for community Renewable Energy (CORE), Green Building Council Indonesia representative Bali (GBCI-Bali), and communities represented by cooperative community business units (Koperasi). In short, this team model resembles a collaborative-participative planning process.

Increasing The Population In Large Cities , Has Many Environmental Consequences. One Of The Problems , Is Air Temperature Increase Of Cities (Creation Of Heat Islands) Compared To Surrounding Rural Areas And Emerging Hot Cities Universally. Increasing The Temperature In Urban Areas And Appearance Of Hot Cities Around The World, Has Negative Effects Such As Increase In Energy Consumption, Disorder In Human Health, And Hygiene Problems . One Of Prominent Factors That Cause Increase In Air Temperature, Is Population Density And Building Density. Nowadays The Necessity Of Attention To Density In Hot Cities Due To Increasing Population , Lack Of Land, As Common Issue, Beside Future Of Hot Cities, Is Seen As A Urgency. Increases In Amount Of Building Density And Then Increasing The Number Of Floors, Due To The Increase In Area And Material Of External Body Of Building And Absorb And Reflect More Sun Exposure(Rather Than The Building With Low Building Density) Through The Body Of The Building, Cause Increase In Temperature Inside And Outside The Buildings. On The Other Hand, Population Density Would Cause Increases Of Energy Consumption And Lift Of Air Temperature In Surrounding Area In Future Of Hot Cities.. Purpose Of This Study Is To Investigate The Mean Changes Befall Around Air Temperature Of Region 22 Of Tehran Municipality, During The Last 30 Years, And Recognize Correlation Between Density Changes And Air Temperature Changes. This Study Has Two Main Hypothesis : 1- Changes In Population Density Would Causes Changes In Air Temperature. 2- Changes In Building Density Causes Changes In Air Temperature. This Study Is Applicable With Respect To Its Purpose And Use Quantitative Methods For Its Methodology. First, Amount Of Changes Of Population Density , Building Density And Air Temperature, During The Last Three Decades Have Been Evaluated. Then The Effect Of Two Independent Variables (Population Density And Building Density) On Dependent Variable (Air Temperature) Have Been Evaluated By Using SPSS 22 Software According To The Statistical Method Of One Variable Regression. And Correlation Between Density And Air Temperature Have Been Considered. Finding Of This Study Shows That Increase In Building Density And Population, Has Had Significant Positive Influence On Increase Of Air Temperature Of Region 22 Of Tehran Municipality During The Last 30 Years. Lastly, Attention To Design Issues And Issues Of Density Would Cause Reduction Of Temperature And Reduction Of The Consequences Of Rising Temperature.

Historically, Hot cities around India have always relied on urban public spaces for its sociocultural as well as economic activities. They seem to show a greater capacity to adopt and sustain over time. The reason seem to be lying under its tendency to evolve and accommodate temporality and sustain with its constancy. These urban public spaces were strongly binded with religions and customs rooted in nature and inbuilt into societal norms, there by emphasizing greater ecological consciousness and protection. But in the last century, globalization brought aesthetic & grand spectacle as deciding criteria for planning and designing of the urban public spaces. The result is, energy consuming, deserted, inaccessible and underutilized public spaces over a longer period as opposed to its short lived fame. Urbanization has given rise to the new narrative for these urban public spaces which evolved in to hybrid versions conceptualized from global practices. This pose a threat in terms of loss of civic life and decreasing social cultural flows in the city. Cities with the highest temperature seems to be getting the worst of it, essentially due to two main reasons. First is the adopted global models are not responsive to the local context, failing to stay active over longer periods of time and second due to failure to reconceptualize our traditional practices and local knowledge associated with development of cities in to ongoing practices. Previous study of historic Indian public spaces in hot cities, highlights their nature as being symbolic, functionalist, political, performative, and cultural and hence proving to be contextually sensitive. These urban public spaces were designed to be a platform extension of their everyday outdoor life. This everyday outdoor life in hot cities have taken an shape in to various manifestation of forms such as - public gardens, sacred groves, bathing ghats, step wells and temple tanks which were provided an required comfort and escape from hot climate around.(sasidharan & prosperi 2012). And emphasized more on organic development of public spaces. Now, the current system in India that is responsible for generating our urban public spaces are regulated and mandated by state and local guidelines such as, URDPFI guidelines etc. which only mentions about open spaces to be left per area per person or in terms of percentage or build-able area. Little to no consideration has been given to how that open space should be treated. The solution can be found in adaptation and reconceptualizing of these local knowledge and traditional practices suitable to today's spatial context. But a greater consideration needs to be given to the modern day applicability and checking its suitability. With that consideration, The paper will try to analysis selective samples of urban public spaces before the industrialization in the hot cities depending upon the generics public places i.e, Access and linkage, Purpose and activities, comfort and image, sociability, (Project for public spaces), adaptability, green and blue infrastructure, User responsiveness. The results then will be tested to check its adaptability in present day context with the help of case studies.

This research explores the dynamic landscape potentials of Wadis located in the arid region, in terms of integrating Wadis within an urban context. Wadis are often perceived as an obstacle when it comes to urban planning rather than seeing it as an opportunity, which can advance the quality of urban space. This is because Wadis are often prone to Wadi Flash Floods (WFFs) hazards, which results in prohibiting any building activities to take place within making it a ‘‘no go area’’, so it is often considered as ‘‘Reduced Economical Value’’.However, floods in arid wadis are an essential source of water, particularly for groundwater recharge. Without undertaking the proper mitigation measures of adopting these neglected intrinsic potentials we will not be able to transform it into a unique urban quality nor overcome the outraging water scarcity crisis which needs an urgent swift action. A paradigm shift towards water conservation and reuse and integrating the natural existing landscape in an urban context is striving recently. Accordingly, the growing number of urban design examples where water and landscape is the main design drive forms the development highlights and places ‘Wadi Urbanism’ as a trend. Egypt is one of the arid countries that suffers from the effects of WFFs in the coastal and Nile River dry wadis. Also with the growing population currently the Egyptian government offers a 20 massive new cities program to accommodate 30 million people and reclamation of about 2 million acres towards the inland desert, so far with limited success. However, limited water resources led to considering alternatives to water sources such as wadi reclamation. In this light, the agriculture development in the north-western coastal region using rain-fed systems became one of the most important incomes in the area. The research introduces water resilient planning and alternative design approach to the conventional defensive flood-control solutions. Contextualizing the leanings from theories and practices within a Wadi escape context analysis and case studies. The research integrates international ‘Water Sensitive Urban Design’ (WSUD) guidelines, along with other spatial urban design strategic tools at regional and architectural scale. These studies informed the proposed ‘Wadi Urbanism Guidelines’ (WUGs) –a regenerative design strategy used to take the advantage of natural dynamic Wadi landscapes and transform it into a living system. It offers comprehensive ecological and environmental services including: local food production, flood water management, habitat creation combined in a public open space and aesthetic forms. The research then reflects these recommendations on Wadi Kharouba, Marsa Matrouh city, one of the Mediterranean coastal regions. Wadi Kharouba have been chosen due to the realization of ‘Wadi Kharouba Rehabilitation Project’ developed by a joint collaboration between national and international institutions and the increasing focus of agricultural developments using rain-fed systems in the area. However, so far the initiatives done covered only utilizing fertile Wadi-bed in cultivation through implementing Water Harvesting Techniques. Moreover, future sustainable agricultural expansion demands looking beyond only cultivating the lands it is necessary to develop a cohesive socio-economic and sustainable ecosystems, where Wadis are not just an agriculture backyard but as a holistic urban setting. Therefore, the proposal intends to bridge the gap between Wadi lower level as a productive landscape and its upper plain introducing an integrative urban design approach. Finally, the research concludes with a set of WU guidelines as a proposed alternative model from conventional desert city planning to regenerative desert planning. A model that showcases Wadis as a design tool transforming landscape into different forms such as: productive landscape, leisure parks, green spaces, public spaces and last but not least as a major water resource.

Traditional and Modern Systems for Addressing Water Scarcity in Arid zones of India Ar. Seemantini Nakil, Associate Professor DY Patil School of Architecture Ambi, Pune India Mob:9558863787 Email: seemapavannakil@gmail.com Abstract Water is essential for all socio-economic development and for maintaining a healthy ecosystem in the world. At present, reduction of water scarcity is prime goal of many countries and governments. Water scarcity is one of the most important concerns of present-day geographers as water is the central subject of all kinds of developmental activities. Rajasthan is the largest state in India covering an area of 34.22 million hectares, i.e.10.5 percent of the country’s geographical area, but sharing only 1.15 percent of its water resources. The state is predominantly agrarian as the livelihood of 70 percent of its people depends on agriculture-based activities. Most of the state (60-75%) is arid or semiarid. Waterways are a vital and productive resource to our environment. Rajasthan in India is characterized by very low mean annual rainfall (100-400 mm), high inter-annual variability in rainfall and stream flows, and poor-quality soils and groundwater. Rajasthan has a rich history of use of traditional systems of water harvesting in almost all the districts of the state. These practices have often saved the drought-affected regions from problems of water famine. The serious problems of water shortages in many parts of the country are being largely attributed to the discontinued use of traditional water harvesting practices. This paper discusses reasons of scarcity of water in arid zones and also explore various traditional & modern water systems to resolve the issue of water scarcity in arid parts of India. Key Words: Water Scarcity, Rajasthan, reasons, Scarcity. address, traditional & modern systems.