Abstract
The crisis of 1989 led to the destruction and degradation of the urban environment in the single-industry towns of Russia. The settling and the influx of the population were forced unnaturally. Perm Region was not an exception as to this strategy, but quite a typical example of Soviet urban planning The specificity of Russian single-industry towns also lies in the often unfortunate location (some of the single-industry towns are located in sparsely populated areas far from centers with poorly developed communication lines, a harsh climate. Enterprises that have given life to cities are now sources of environmental and spatial problems. On the example of monotowns of the Perm Territory, it is shown how the landscape changed after the construction of factories and the development of the destructive process of mining. As the rivers were occupied or flooded, the state of water, air and the health of the inhabitants deteriorated. During the existence of monotowns specific industrial landscapes were formed, such us rock dumps, dams, buffer zones, which negatively affect the perception of the city and make it less transparency. The urbanization of the Perm region territories was mainly focused on the needs of the metallurgical and mining industries. The influx of population during the rapid urbanization period led to town sprawl and changed the urban landscape. This is where many problems of post-industrial towns stem from. Today, despite the different economic situation in the city-forming enterprises, cities face the same problems – population decline, deterioration of the urban environment and huge air and water pollution. The research question is raised: how the modern urban planning tools and instruments in Russia may help in starting the process of urban regeneration of monotowns? The study used urban concepts of V. Glazychev, J. Gehl, N. Milutin, J. Jacobs, Christopher Alexander, 'KB Strelka', as well as the ideas of M. Meerovich about the weakness of the Soviet planned economy and double paternalism, which had an impact on the stability of monotowns in the post-industrial period. The general plans of cities and their relationship with urban planning Soviet policy and modern requirements for sustainable urban development are analyzed. The interaction of industrial territories and the urban environment has been studied. The study revealed characteristic features: 1. The lack of interaction between the urban space and water, and the surroundings, disrupted urban communications. 2. The appearance of abandoned buildings and brownfields in the factory areas. 3. Decreasing of emissions from city-forming enterprises due to the economic crisis, 4. Increasing motorization of citizens. 5. Changing the attitude of citizens to the city-forming enterprise and their city status. 6. The destruction of urban structure when factories stopped pay for the maintenance of social infrastructure. The case of the Perm region are confirmed that the existing system of strategic and territorial planning forms inefficient standard solutions that have a unified character and neglect environmental problems to the detriment of sustainable development. The presence of a full standard set of territorial planning documents in the local administration is not a guarantee of any successful implementation of these measures. Since they are purely formal and are not supported by budget funding. The possibilities of modern urban development strategy as measures to regenerate the urban metabolism can be expanded by the introduction of master-planning as an approach based on a consensus between residents, administration and stakeholders and enriching the planning system. This approach can be effective if a centralized, standardized decision-making system is abandoned in favor of local community development.
