Abstract
The task of zoning the territory is based on the need to structure the space of human activity. The modern principles of zoning of a territory are based on its differentiation by type of functional activity. This principle appeared in the early thirties of the last century, as a reaction of architects to the second industrial revolution, and permeated the entire architecture of the last century. Later, during the third industrial revolution, the provisions of the “new urbanism” were formulated, which brought a new look at the zoning system of the territory. Currently, the world is going through the phase of the fourth industrial revolution and those principles of zoning of the territory that were formulated under the Athenian Charter of 1933 are no longer relevant. At the present stage, it is necessary to formulate new principles that will form the basis of regulation of development and land use. New principles can be based on an assessment of the anthropogenic load on the territory. Already now, in many countries, environmental issues are regulated within the framework of national legislation, but this practice is clearly insufficient, because it is based on a narrow, departmental understanding of the tasks of nature conservation. Often these tasks come down to monitoring chemical parameters, i.e. assessment of pollution by chemical elements of air, land and water. This approach is clearly insufficient, because it takes into account only a very narrow range of effects. It is necessary to learn to evaluate the irreversibility of human economic activity. The city as an element of human economic activity is not the most serious consequence. Probably the most serious and irreversible consequences of human activity include the results of mining such as quarries or mines, as well as other objects that change the environment irrevocably. From this point of view, it is necessary to change the principles of zoning of the territory, i.e. in terms of assessing the anthropogenic load and the irreversibility of its consequences. And of course, the assessment of such a load should be made not only on the basis of chemical indicators, the factors of its assessment are much wider. A similar approach has been demonstrated in the European Landscape Convention. This document marked a new era in the approach to the assessment of the territory. The city can be considered as a form of organization of human economic activity and against its background we will rethink the significance of the village. The village will become not a form of economic activity - agriculture, but a form of weak anthropogenic pressure. Thus, we will be able to form the prerequisites for the transition from rationing the types of economic activity to rationing the level of anthropogenic pressure on the territory. Such an approach can ensure the transition to the actual norms of sustainable development, thereby translating the ideology of sustainable development from good wishes into legal documents. A new attitude to the territory of life and human activity should form the basis of new principles of zoning. Ecology, architecture, urban development and industry - everything must be combined and merged together to formulate a new approach to zoning the territory. I do not have precisely formulated criteria for the new method, but I am firmly convinced of the need to develop such methods common to all specialists in the world in territorial planning. This approach can be a consolidating principle for professionals around the world in matters of spatial planning. This approach will help to change the view of cities and the spatial development of large territories.
